ASTM D4966-98 Martindale Abrsion Resistance Test for Textiles

The Martindale abrasion test refers to the testing of textile products based on the Martindale method standard system and its relationship, and the use of this test to test the wear resistance characteristics of fabrics. Wear resistance is an important indicator of textile product quality, which directly affects the durability and effectiveness of the product. Wear resistance refers to the characteristic of resisting wear between fabrics or with other substances during repeated friction. The machine used for fabric wear resistance testing is the Martindale wear tester.

Table of Contents

• 1. Scope
  
• 2. References
  
• 3. Terminology
  
• 4. Principle
  
• 5. Significance and practicality
  
• 6. Instruments and raw materials
  
• 7. Sampling
  
• 8. Instrument preparation
  
• 9. Humidity control
  
• 10. Test program
  
• 11. Evaluation
  
• 12. Report
  

1. Scope

• 1-1 This standard uses a Martindale abrasion tester to determine the wear resistance of textiles. This standard is applicable to all textiles, but for velvet fabrics, when the pile height reaches 2mm, this method may be difficult to test.
  
• 1-2 This method uses inches and pounds as standard units, and the SI system can also be used as auxiliary units.
  
• 1-3 This standard does not involve an introduction to safety aspects. But it is hoped that before operating this standard, some management documents related to safety and health should be established.
  
• 1-4 Currently, other wear resistance testing methods include ASTM D3884, ASTM D3885, ASTM D3886, ASTM D4157, ASTM D4158, and AATCC 93
  

2. References

• 2-1 Instructions for ASTM D76 textile tensile strength machine;
  
• 2-2 erminology related to ASTM D123 textiles: 
  
• 2-3 ASTM D1776 Moisture Adjustment for Textile Testing
  
• 2-4 ASTM D3884 Textile Wear Resistance Test (Rotating Platform, Double Head Method)
  
• 2-5 ASTM D3885 Textile Wear Resistance Test (Bending Wear Resistance Method)
  
• 2-6 ASTM D3886 Textile Wear Resistance Test (Dilation Diaphragm Method)
  
• 2-7 ASTM D4157 Textile Wear Resistance Test (Cylinder Swing Method)
  
• 2-8 ASTM D4158 Textile Wear Resistance Test (Balanced Wear Resistance Method)
  
• 2-9 AAATCC 93 Textile Wear Resistance Test (Accelerator Method)
  

3. Terminology

• 3-1 Definition: For other textile definitions used in this method, please refer to ASTM D123.
  
• 3-2 Definition in 3-2 of this method:
  3-2-1 Wear resistance: The loss of certain parts of the raw material due to friction with another surface.
  3-2-2 Wear cycle: The number of motion cycles required to complete a complete geometric shape in the Martindale wear tester.
  3-2-3 cycles: In Martindale wear resistance, a complete Lissajous curve requires movement as shown in Figure 16.
  3-2-4 Lissajous shape: A geometric shape that starts as a straight line, gradually widens into an ellipse, then narrows again, and finally becomes a straight line. The entire loop takes 16 turns.
  3-2-5 cycles: The outermost two gears of the Martindale wear tester run for one cycle.
  3-2-6 Textile pre humidity standard atmospheric pressure: relative humidity is 10-25%, and temperature cannot exceed 50 ℃.
  3-2-7 Textile Humidity Control Standard Atmospheric Pressure: The standard environment for textile testing should be a relative humidity of 65 ± 2% and a temperature of 21 ± 1 ℃.
  

4. Principle

• 4-1 Wear resistance test refers to the process of grinding a specimen along a geometric trajectory under known pressure and friction conditions. The pattern initially forms a straight line, then becomes wider and forms an ellipse, then narrows again, and finally forms a straight line in the opposite direction of the original straight line. Repeat the friction of the sample along the above trajectory until the specified number of turns. 11-3 describes different methods to evaluate its wear resistance.
  

5. Significance and practicality

• 5-1 This method is generally not considered very good in business, and its accuracy in commercial comparative testing is poor. This is due to the nature of the wear tester itself. Using the same tester, whether in internal or external comparative testing, different test results are often obtained. Although it is recommended not to use this method for commercial testing, it is still widely used and considered good, especially in countries outside the United States.
  In business, once disputes arise due to differences in test results, buyers and sellers should conduct comparative tests to identify the differences between the two laboratories. It is recommended to choose authoritative institutions for comparison, which may be better. At the same time, the samples selected by both parties should be consistent. The general practice is for both parties to use random sampling to determine the overall level. Once differences are found between the two parties, they should be corrected and unified as soon as possible, otherwise the reason for the difference in results must be explained to the other party.
  
• 5-2 The wear resistance test is greatly influenced by the testing conditions, such as the properties of the wear-resistant cloth, the differences in the movement of the sample on the wear-resistant cloth, the tension of the sample, the pressure between the sample and the wear-resistant cloth, and the size changes of the sample, all of which can affect its wear resistance performance.
  
• 5-3 Due to changes in the wear-resistant cloth during the specified test, the results of this test are different. The wear-resistant cloth should be replaced regularly and checked against the standard. The wear-resistant cloth can only be used once and should also be replaced after reaching its limit of use. Hard metal or an equivalent surface can be used as a durable wear-resistant plate. In a series of tests, it is not necessary to replace the wear-resistant plate accordingly. Due to the different actual situations of use, the surface changes of the same wear-resistant plate may be inconsistent during the same period of time. Due to changes in surface finish, it can cause changes in the durable wear-resistant plate. In addition, due to the influence of other substances such as test samples, the durable wear-resistant plate needs to be cleaned regularly. The evaluation method and different assessors can also affect the final wear resistance test results.
  
• 5-4 The wear resistance of textiles measured by instruments in the laboratory can be used as a practical indicator for evaluating the wearing performance and durability of textiles.
  
• 5-5 The routine assessment of wear resistance applies to all types of fabrics, including woven fabrics, non-woven fabrics, knitted clothing fabrics, home textiles, industrial fabrics, carpets, etc. There are many different types of wear testers, wear-resistant fabrics, testing conditions, testing procedures, evaluation methods for wear resistance, and interpretation of results.
  
• 5-6 All testing methods and instruments used to determine wear resistance, if they differ significantly, will result in vastly different results obtained by different laboratories and operators. But these methods are widely adopted.
  Since there is a definition for measuring wear resistance in 5-7, it is necessary to adopt a standard method, which can clarify the problem and minimize controversy.
  

6. Instruments and raw materials

• 6-1 Martindale Wear Tester and the following replaceable items:
  6-1-1 standard wear-resistant fabric: plain weave, hybrid woolen fabric, with the following specifications:
  

               Regulations for standard wear-resistant wool fabric

               Project warp and weft yarn

               Yarn count R 63 Tex/2 R 74 Tex/2

               Density: 17 pieces/cm, 12 pieces/cm

               Single yarn twist: Z-twist 540 ± 2 twists/meter Z-twist 500 ± 20 twists/meter

               Strand yarn twist S twist 450 ± 20 twists/meter S twist 350 ± 2 twists/meter

               Fiber diameter 27.5 ± 20 microns 29+20 microns

               Cloth weight 5.8 OZ/Yd2

      6-1-2 standard wool felt, fabric weight 22 ± 1.5 OZ/Yd ²， The thickness is 3 ± 0.3mm.

      6-1-3 Sponge foam pad: 3 ± 0.3mm thick, 29~31kg/m3 density, 38.23~47.22 lbs hardness. 

      6-1-4 sample cutters, with sample diameters of 38mm and 140mm, respectively. 

      6-1-5 AATCC color changing gray card.

7. Sampling

• 7-1 Batch Samples: The required samples can be randomly selected based on the sample materials and the instructions of both the buyer and seller. 
  
• 7-2 Laboratory Sampling: For each test of clothing, one piece of clothing can be selected.
  
• 7-3 test specimens: Take 3 circular specimens from each laboratory until they reach 38mm.
  

8. Instrument preparation

• 8-1 Refer to the instrument instructions for instrument assembly, maintenance, and calibration.
  

9. Humidity control

• 9-1 Refer to ASTM D1776 to pre adjust and adjust the moisture of the sample. During the test, the sample should be adjusted to a standard environment with a lower moisture balance. The endpoint of the moisture balance is generally considered to be when the weight change of the sample within 2 hours does not exceed 0.1%.
  Before testing, the sample should be humidified for at least 4 hours in a standard environment with a temperature of 21 ± 1 ℃ and a relative humidity of 65 ± 2%.
  

10. Test program

• 10-1 All tests should be conducted in standard environments.
  
• 10-2 Place a standard wool felt with a diameter of approximately 140mm on each testing platform, and then place a standard wear-resistant cloth of equivalent size. Press the sample weight onto the platform to make the standard wear-resistant cloth and wool felt smoother. Clamp the wool felt and standard cloth tightly, then remove the sample weight and check if the wool cloth is curled and not tightly clamped. If necessary, reinstall the sample. 
  
• 10-3 For option 3, in order to evaluate its test results, the sample should be weighed first and accurate to milligrams.
  
• 10-4 Place the front of the sample on the sample holding ring. For samples with a cloth weight less than 500g/m2, place a sponge with a diameter of 38mm on the sample, and then insert a metal insert. Install the sample holding ring according to the manufacturer's instructions.
  
• 10-5 Place the loaded sample onto a wear-resistant platform and apply the required pressure of a heavy hammer to the clamped sample: 9KPa for clothing fabrics and 12KPa for decorative fabrics.
  
• 10-6 According to the guidance of the instrument manufacturer, set the number of instrument turns and start running. If options 1 and 2 are available, check the sample during the testing process and at the endpoint. When the test endpoint is approaching, reduce the number of laps between each inspection. If the sample is pilling, use a bending shear to remove it. For option 3, after reaching the end of operation, please weigh the sample to the nearest millimeter.
  

11. Evaluation

• 11-1 Option 1: For woven fabrics, the test endpoint is when two or more yarns are broken, and for knitted fabrics, the endpoint is when a hole is formed.
  
• 11-2 Option 2: The testing endpoint is when the color or appearance changes enough to cause consumer complaints.
  11-2-1 is caused by different reasons for its color change, such as shedding or fuzzing on the surface of the sample, or forming a patterned yarn pattern due to the formation of hairiness loops. Dyeing and blending different types of fibers can cause changes in color or appearance due to varying degrees of yarn or fiber wear. In this case, the endpoint of the test is generally evaluated using a color changing gray card. The endpoint of the 
  11-2-2 test is usually when the color change reaches gray card level 3 or below.
  
• 11-3 Option 3: Evaluate the change in weight of the specimen before and after wear resistance, and the reduction in weight can be expressed as a percentage based on the weight before testing.
  

12. Report

• 12-1 Indicate the testing method ASTM D4966, sample description, and sampling method.
  
• 12-2 According to different testing options, indicate the following information:
  12-2-1 What is the pressure used for the type of wear-resistant cloth;
  12-2-2 For option 1: Average the test endpoint results;
  12-2-3 For option 2: Under the specified number of turns, evaluate the level based on the wear-resistant gloss, color change, and pilling;
  12-2-4 For option 2: When the sample reaches gray card level 3 or below, the number of motion cycles is averaged.
  12-2-5 Any other method for evaluating test endpoints, please specify;
  12-2-6 For option 3, indicate the mass change before and after grinding in mg and express it as a percentage.